Global trends in Kaposi sarcoma incidence and mortality: the need for action to reduce inequalities

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Modifiable factors and esophageal cancer: a systematic review of published meta-analyses.

There are marked differences in the etiology of the major histological types of esophageal cancer (EC)—squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and adenocarcinomas (EAC). This study aimed to summarize the current scientific knowledge on modifiable risk factors for EC, by histological type, through a systematic review of meta-analyses referenced in PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge. We identified 100 meta-analyses on risk factors for ESCC (n = 54), EAC (n = 43), or EC (n = 51). ESCC risk significantly increased with alcohol and maté drinking, smoking, red and processed meat consumption and human papillomavirus infection, while it was negatively associated with body mass index and consumption of fruit, vegetables, white meat, folate, and some carotenoids. Cessation of drinking and smoking significantly reduced ESCC risk. For EAC, an increased risk was reported for smoking, body mass index, and red and processed meat consumption, while risk decreased with Helicobacter pylori infection, low/moderate alcohol drinking, physical activity, and consumption of fruit, vegetables, folate, fiber, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. Differences in results between meta-analyses and mechanisms underlying some of the associations found are discussed. This work reinforces the importance of a separate assessment of EC subtypes to allow for a proper evaluation of incidence trends and planning of prevention/control interventions.This work was supported by FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Programme and by national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology–FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education) (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-021181), under the project “Determinants of gastric and esophageal cancers incidence in the north of Portugal” (PTDC/SAU-EPI/122460/2010), and the Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (EPIUnit) (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862; UID/DTP/04750/2013). An individual Postdoc grant attributed to BP (SFRH/BPD/75918/2011) was co-funded by the FCT and the "Programa Operacional Capital Humano" (POCH/FSE)

Cumulative incidence estimates in the presence of competing risks

This study was funded by FEDER through the Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization and national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology—FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education) under the Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (EPIUnit) (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862; Ref. UID/DTP/04750/2013). An individual PhD grant attributed to S.M. (SFRH/BD/102585/2014) was funded by FCT and the “Programa Operacional Capital Humano” (POCH/FSE). The funding sources had no involvement in the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the commentary

Risk of second primary cancers among patients with a first primary gastric cancer: A population-based study in North Portugal

Background: The growing number of incident cases of gastric cancer along with improved survival result in a rising population of survivors at risk of second primary cancers (SPC). We estimated the cumulative incidence of metachronous (diagnosed >2 months after first primary cancer [FPC]) SPC in gastric FPC patients and compared the incidence of metachronous SPC with that expected in the general population. Methods: A cohort of gastric FPC patients from the North Region Cancer Registry of Portugal, diagnosed in 2000–2006 (n = 7427) was followed to 31 December 2010 for synchronous and metachronous SPCs. Cumulative incidence of metachronous SPCs taking into account death as a competing event and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of metachronous SPCs were estimated. Results: Overall, 331 (4.5%) patients developed an SPC (26.9% synchronous and 73.1% metachronous). Over half of the SPCs occurred in digestive organs. Among men, the most frequent were colon, prostate, and trachea, bronchus and lung; in women, colon, breast and thyroid were the most common. The 10-year cumulative incidence of metachronous SPC for males was 5.7% and for females 3.5%. The SIR for all cancers was 1.30 in males and 1.20 in females. Among both sexes, significantly higher SIRs were observed for cancers of the oesophagus (males: 4.99; females: 8.03), small intestine (males: 11.04; females: 13.09) and colon (males: 2.42; females: 2.58). Conclusions: Patients with a gastric FPC were found to be at increased risk of developing SPC, mainly in digestive organs, when compared to the general population. Close surveillance of these patients may allow early detection of SPC.This study was funded by FEDER (European Regional Development Fund) through the Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization and national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology − FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education) under the Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia − Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (EPIUnit) (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862; Ref. UID/DTP/04750/2013). An individual PhD grant attributed to SM (SFRH/BD/102585/2014) was funded by FCT and the “Programa Operacional Capital Humano” (POCH/FSE)

Assessment of Cancer-related Cognitive Impairment: Methodological Issues

Cognitive decline associated with cancer or its treatment has been addressed in many studies, though with inconsistent findings, which largely reflects the diversity of methods that have been used. In this context, we read with much interest the paper recently published in the Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (Clapp et al., 2018) about the impact of using different reference populations on breast cancer-related cognitive impairment rates, which was based on a thorough assessment of a large number of cancer patients and non-cancer subjects

Neuropathic pain after breast cancer treatment and its impact on sleep quality one year after cancer diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: Data regarding the impact of breast cancer treatment-related neuropathic pain (NP) on sleep quality are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of breast cancer treatment-related NP on patients' sleep quality, during the first year after cancer diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 501 breast cancer patients were followed prospectively. Incident NP was identified through systematic evaluations after treatments and one year after enrolment. NP severity was quantified using the Brief Pain Inventory severity subscale and sleep quality was evaluated through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), at baseline and after one year. Adjusted regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to quantify the relation between NP and the variation in the PSQI z-scores. RESULTS: The occurrence of NP was associated with a deterioration in sleep quality during the first year of follow-up, more pronounced among those with good sleep quality (PSQI≤5) than those with poor sleep quality at baseline (PSQI>5) (β = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.11 to 0.77 versus β = 0.33, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0.59). These differences were accentuated when only the cases of NP with greater severity were considered (β = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.37 to 1.35 versus β = 0.31, 95%CI: -0.08 to 0.64). Within the PSQI components, daytime dysfunction and sleep duration were the most impaired by NP. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of the promotion of sleep hygiene among breast cancer patients diagnosed with NP, especially among those with good sleep quality before treatments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Smoking, alcohol, and dietary choices: evidence from the Portuguese National Health Survey

Background: Unhealthy lifestyle choices tend to cluster, but controversy remains regarding relationships between smoking and dietary habits. The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake and alcohol consumption, according to smoking status, in the Portuguese population. Methods: The study sample included all participants in the third Portuguese National Health Survey who were older than 19 years (20,302 women and 17,923 men). Participants were selected from households in the five regions of Portugal (NUTS II classification), using a multi-stage random probability design. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews in each household and obtained information on social and demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health, smoking, and intakes of selected food and beverages. Age-adjusted and education-adjusted binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were fitted separately for males and females, to estimate the magnitude of the association between smoking and the consumption of various food and beverage groups. Results: When heavy smokers were compared with non-smokers, the odds ratio (OR) favouring soup consumption was 0.60 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 0.54 - 0.68) in males and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.33 - 0.65) in females. Similar ORs were observed for vegetables (males: OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.64; females: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.32 - 0.69) and fruit (males: OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.31 - 0.41; females: OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.19 - 0.44). Overall, these food items were consumed at significantly lower levels as cigarette consumption increased. Heavy male smokers, compared to non- smokers, presented lower odds favouring milk consumption (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.67 - 0.89). When heavy smokers were compared with non- smokers, the ORs favouring wine drinking, among heavy drinkers, were 1.47 (95% CI: 1.27 - 1.70) in men and 3.97 (95% CI: 2.07 - 7.61) in women. Similar ORs were observed for beer ( males: OR = 3.30; 95% CI: 2.87 - 3.78; females: OR = 23.1; 95% CI: 12.2 43.6), Port wine (males: OR = 2.21 95% CI: 1.65 - 2.98; females: OR = 2.85; 95% CI: 0.68 - 12.1), brandy (males: OR = 3.67 95% CI: 2.98 - 4.52; females: OR = 13.2; 95% CI: 3.72 - 46.6) and whisky (males: OR = 3.31; 95% CI: 2.71 - 4.03; females: OR = 41.4; 95% CI: 18.5 - 92.5). Conclusion: This study showed that smokers have a higher intake of alcoholic beverages and a lower consumption of food items rich in fibre, antioxidants, or phytochemicals, which are suspected to have beneficial roles in the prevention of multiple chronic diseases

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Bissau, Western Africa

Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In Guinea–Bissau there are no previous population-based hypertension surveys. Therefore, the authors aimed to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure among adults living in Bissau. A sample (n = 973) of dwellers in Bissau, aged 18–69 years, was assembled through stratified and cluster sampling. Patients underwent face-to-face interviews and blood pressure measurements following the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. The prevalence of hypertension was 26.9%, and 51.4% of hypertensive individuals were aware of their condition, of whom 51.8% reported having received pharmacological treatment in the previous 2 weeks. Among the latter, 49.9% had blood pressure values below 140/90 mm Hg. These findings show that hypertension has become a major public health problem in Guinea-Bissau, emphasizing the urgent need to develop and implement national strategies for the prevention and management of hypertension. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension published by Wiley Periodicals LLCWe acknowledge the collaboration of Hugo Cabral, Merino Almeida, Jessica Iala, Marcilia Barros, Zaira Badjana, Claudinisio Mendes, Laisene Jamanca, Jo?o Batista, Joel Correia, Ver?nica da Silva, Isabe T?, Yanick Paulo Duarte, Romeu Mendon?a and Augusto Bique in data collection

Translating Evidence into Practice: Insights on the Reporting of Trial Results to Health Professionals and Institutions

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